2012?ê′ó?§ó￠ó????????°?￡?a05 -
What do we mean by leisure, and why should we assume that it represents a problem to be solved by the arts? The great ages of art were not conspicuous for their leisure?aat least, art was not an activity associated with leisure. It was a craft like any other, concerned with the making of necessary things. Leisure, in the present meaning of the word, did not exist. Leisure, before the Industrial Revolution, meant no more than "time" or "opportunity"; "If your leisure served, I would speak with you. " says one of Shakespeare?ˉs characters. Phrases which we still use, such as "at your leisure", preserve this original meaning. ??ê?ó?êé????But when we speak of leisure nowadays, we are not thinking of securing time or opportunity to do something; time is heavy on our hands, and the problem is how to fill it. Leisure no longer signifies a space with some difficulty secured against the pressure of events: rather it is a pervasive emptiness for which we must invent occupations. Leisure is a vacuum, a desperate state of vacancy?aa vacancy of mind and body. It has been commandeered ￡¨ ????￡? by the sociologists and the psychologists: it is a problem.
????Our diurnal existence is divided into two phases, as distinct as day and night. We call them work and play. We work so many hours a day, and, when we have allowed the necessary minimum for such activities as eating and shopping, the rest we spend in various activities which are known as recreations, an elegant word which disguises the fact that we usually do not even play in our hours of leisure, but spend them in various forms of passive enjoyment or entertainment?anot football but watching football matches; not acting, but theatre-going; not walking, but riding in a motor coach.
????We need to make, therefore, a hard-and-fast￡¨2??ü±?í¨μ?￡? distinction not only between work and play but, equally, between active play and passive entertainment. It is, I suppose, the decline of active play?aof amateur sport?a and the enormous growth of purely receptive entertainment which has given rise to a sociological interest in the problem. If the greater part of the population, instead of indulging in sport, spend their hours of leisure "viewing" television programmes, there will inevitably be a decline in health and physique. And, in addition, there will be a psychological problem, for we have yet to trace the mental and moral consequences of a prolonged diet of sentimental or sensational spectacles on the screen. There is, if we are optimistic, the possibility that the diet is too thin and unnourishing to have much permanent effect on anybody. Nine films out of ten seem to leave absolutely no impression on the mind or imagination of those who see them: few people can give a coherent account of the film they saw the week before last, and at longer intervals they must rely on the management to see that they do not sit through the same film twice.
????We have to live art if we would be affected by art. We have to paint rather than look at paintings, to play instruments rather than go to concerts, to dance and sing and act ourselves, engaging all our senses in the ritual and discipline of the arts. Then something may begin to happen to us: to work upon our bodies and our souls.
????It is only when entertainment is active, participated in, practiced, that it can properly be called play, and as such it is a natural use of leisure. In that sense play stands in contrast to work, and is usually regarded as an activity that alternates with work. It is there that the final and most fundamental error enters into our conception of daily life.
????Work itself is not a single concept. We say quite generally that we work in order to make a living: to earn, that is to say, sufficient tokens which we can exchange for food and shelter and all the other needs of our existence. But some of us work physically, cultivating the land, minding the machines, digging the coal; others work mentally, keeping accounts, inventing machines, teaching and preaching, managing and governing. There does not seem to be any factor common to all these diverse occupations, except that they consume our time, and leave us little leisure.
????Ever since humans have lived on the 11 , they have made use of various forms of communication. Generally, this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of 12 speech. When there is a language barrier, communication is "13 through sign language in which motions 14 for letters, words, and ideas. Tourists and the people unable to hear or speak have had to 15 to this form of expression. Many of these symbols of whole words are very 16 and exact and can be used 17 ; spelling, however, cannot.
????Body language 18 ideas or thoughts by certain actions, either intentionally or unintentionally. A wink can be a way of indicating that the party is only joking. A nod signifies approval, while shaking the head indicates a 19 reaction.
????Other forms of nonlinguistic language can be found in Braille ￡¨a system of raised dots read with the fingertips￡? , signal flags, Morse code, and smoke signals. Road maps and 20 signs also guide, warn, and instruct people.
????While language is the most common form of communication, other systems and techniques also express human thoughts and feelings.
????A. picture B. oral C. stand D. world
????E. internationally F. optional G. resort H. vivid
????I. earth J. accomplished K. transmits L. represent
????M. negative N. intelligently O. translates
????
????′e°?￡o
????II. I 12. B 13. J 14. C 15. G 16. H 17. E 18. K 19. M 20. A
????Our diurnal existence is divided into two phases, as distinct as day and night. We call them work and play. We work so many hours a day, and, when we have allowed the necessary minimum for such activities as eating and shopping, the rest we spend in various activities which are known as recreations, an elegant word which disguises the fact that we usually do not even play in our hours of leisure, but spend them in various forms of passive enjoyment or entertainment?anot football but watching football matches; not acting, but theatre-going; not walking, but riding in a motor coach.
????We need to make, therefore, a hard-and-fast￡¨2??ü±?í¨μ?￡? distinction not only between work and play but, equally, between active play and passive entertainment. It is, I suppose, the decline of active play?aof amateur sport?a and the enormous growth of purely receptive entertainment which has given rise to a sociological interest in the problem. If the greater part of the population, instead of indulging in sport, spend their hours of leisure "viewing" television programmes, there will inevitably be a decline in health and physique. And, in addition, there will be a psychological problem, for we have yet to trace the mental and moral consequences of a prolonged diet of sentimental or sensational spectacles on the screen. There is, if we are optimistic, the possibility that the diet is too thin and unnourishing to have much permanent effect on anybody. Nine films out of ten seem to leave absolutely no impression on the mind or imagination of those who see them: few people can give a coherent account of the film they saw the week before last, and at longer intervals they must rely on the management to see that they do not sit through the same film twice.
????We have to live art if we would be affected by art. We have to paint rather than look at paintings, to play instruments rather than go to concerts, to dance and sing and act ourselves, engaging all our senses in the ritual and discipline of the arts. Then something may begin to happen to us: to work upon our bodies and our souls.
????It is only when entertainment is active, participated in, practiced, that it can properly be called play, and as such it is a natural use of leisure. In that sense play stands in contrast to work, and is usually regarded as an activity that alternates with work. It is there that the final and most fundamental error enters into our conception of daily life.
????Work itself is not a single concept. We say quite generally that we work in order to make a living: to earn, that is to say, sufficient tokens which we can exchange for food and shelter and all the other needs of our existence. But some of us work physically, cultivating the land, minding the machines, digging the coal; others work mentally, keeping accounts, inventing machines, teaching and preaching, managing and governing. There does not seem to be any factor common to all these diverse occupations, except that they consume our time, and leave us little leisure.
????Ever since humans have lived on the 11 , they have made use of various forms of communication. Generally, this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of 12 speech. When there is a language barrier, communication is "13 through sign language in which motions 14 for letters, words, and ideas. Tourists and the people unable to hear or speak have had to 15 to this form of expression. Many of these symbols of whole words are very 16 and exact and can be used 17 ; spelling, however, cannot.
????Body language 18 ideas or thoughts by certain actions, either intentionally or unintentionally. A wink can be a way of indicating that the party is only joking. A nod signifies approval, while shaking the head indicates a 19 reaction.
????Other forms of nonlinguistic language can be found in Braille ￡¨a system of raised dots read with the fingertips￡? , signal flags, Morse code, and smoke signals. Road maps and 20 signs also guide, warn, and instruct people.
????While language is the most common form of communication, other systems and techniques also express human thoughts and feelings.
????A. picture B. oral C. stand D. world
????E. internationally F. optional G. resort H. vivid
????I. earth J. accomplished K. transmits L. represent
????M. negative N. intelligently O. translates
????
????′e°?￡o
????II. I 12. B 13. J 14. C 15. G 16. H 17. E 18. K 19. M 20. A