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===大学生成长生活平台===

2011年全国英语等级考试二级题型串讲:阅读理解-公共英语-

2013-06-05来源/作者:卫凯点击次数:1031

  第四课时 阅读理解
  一、大纲对该部分的要求

2011年pets2题型串讲:阅读理解

  阅读理解部分主要考察考生理解书面英语的能力。在这一部分,一共有5篇短文,都是考生应该能够读懂的、熟悉的、有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料,例如公告、说明、广告,以及书刊杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章。这5篇短文的总长度大约在1000个单词左右,一共有20道题,考查考生理解短文的总体和特定信息的能力。每道题也是有4个选择项,都是四选一的选择题。
  二、考点规律及命题趋势
  1. 历年考试阅读理解体裁规律

2011年pets2题型串讲:阅读理解

  PETS二级考试阅读理解部分出现的文章体裁有四种:说明文、记叙文、议论文和应用文。而这10次考试中,说明文出现了19次,占38%,它出现的次数最多,占的比例最大;其次便是记叙文,出现了15次,占30%。而议论文和应用文所占的比例相对来说较小。由于说明文和记叙文的出现最为频繁,因此这两类文章应该是考生备考的重点。另外,从近几年的真题来看,各种体裁的文章出现的位置也是有规律的,阅读题的第一篇文章大多是记叙文,而应用文多在最后一篇文章出现。
  2. 历年考试阅读理解题材规律

2011年pets2题型串讲:阅读理解

  PETS二级考试阅读文章的选材涉及面非常广泛,主要包括人物传记、风土人情、社会现象、文化、自然科学、科普常识、公告和广告等。那么这就要求考生在平时多读一些不同题材的文章,注意积累一些背景知识,以便更好地理解考试中遇到的各种内容的文章。
  3. 历年考试阅读理题型规律

2011年pets2题型串讲:阅读理解

  PETS二级考试阅读理解部分出现的题型有四种,也就是主旨题、细节题、推断题和语义题。那么在历年的考试中,细节题出现最多,在10次考试中出现了95题,占得比例为47.5%;其次是推断题,出现了52题,占26%,之后是语义题占15.5%,最后是主旨题占11%。因此在备考时,细节题和推断题应该是重点。
  三、常见考点讲解及答题技巧
  1. 细节题
  (1) 题型特点
  细节题主要考查考生对文章细节的把握能力,这种题型要求考生能够根据文章所提供的信息,找出与问题中具体细节相关的信息,或者直接询问问题中的选项是否在文中提到过或者是否和原文相符。
  ①考查的细节主要包括:主要人物、事件、情节、过程、原因和结果、主要的数据、时间和地点。细节题一般不需要进行过多的分析;
  ②很多时候可以直接在文中找到答案;
  ③题目中会有意避开原文材料中所用的词汇,而用其它词汇代替。

  相关推荐:
  2011年全国英语等级考试二级题型串讲:英语知识运用
  2011年全国英语等级考试二级考前题型串讲:听力
  2011年全国英语等级考试二级pets2大纲解读

  (2) 常见的提问方式
  What causes …?
  What does sb. do?
  What is the purpose of …?
  What effect did sth. have on …?
  Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of …?
  When did it happen?
  According to the passage, sb. did sth. in order to .
  Some people do sth. because .
  According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?
  Which of the following is NOT mentioned/ stated in the passage?
  The writer mentions all of the items listed below EXCEPT .
  等等。
  (3) 解题指南
  针对这种题型,一般需要先看出题目中问的是关于哪个细节的问题,然后把问题带到原文中去找对应的信息,一般对应的句子或段落里就会有解题所需要的答案。
  (4) 实例分析
  (2007年3月,文章D)
  …
  But Stonehenge may have been more than a ritual site. Some experts suggest it
  was also used as a huge calendar (日历) for watching stars. Outside the entrance
  of the construction stands the Heel Stone. On the summer solstice, the longest
  day of the year, a person standing at the center of the circle can look out
  through the entrance and see the first rays of the rising sun hit the top of the
  Heel Stone. At the winter solstice, the year’s shortest day, a person standing
  at the entrance can look into the circle and see the setting sun between the
  stones of a trilithon, formed by two standing stone posts topped by a stone in
  flat position. In this way Stonehenge may have marked the passing seasons.
  The position of the stones and holes shows that Stonehenge may also have been
  used for watching the moon and stars. The construction may even have been a huge
  prehistoric “computer” used to study other natural objects in space. The Stone
  Age people in the area were farmers. Perhaps they used Stonehenge to figure out
  changes in the weather and to time the planting of their crops.
  72. What was NOT one of the uses suggested for Stonehenge?
  [A] A way to know when they should plant crops.
  [B] An ancient device used like a computer.
  [C] A way to show what time of year it was.
  [D] A way to know the time of day.
  2. 推断题
  (1) 题型特点
  推断题主要考查考生对文章中的信息进行分析、判断、推理,以得出合理结论的能力。这种题型属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题,要求考生:
  ①弄懂文章的字面意思;
  ②弄清楚文章潜在的含义和作者所给的提示;
  ③对文章的含义和作者的暗示做出合理的猜测和推断。
  (2) 常见的提问方式
  What can be inferred from the passage?
  What conclusions can be drawn from the passage?
  What does the paragraph preceding/ following this one probably discuss?
  We can infer/ conclude from the text/ paragraph that .
  It can be conclude/ inferred from the passage that .
  It implied/ indicated/ suggested that .
  The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that .
  等等。
  (3) 解题指南
  针对这种题型,一般需要先看出题目中的问题要求我们对什么进行推断,也就是要对哪段话,还是哪句话还什么其它的东西进行推断,然后回到原文中去找对应的文字,仔细理解原文的含义和作者的暗示,进行推断。一般来说,选项中措词过于绝对化的,都不是答案,而语气不十分绝对的,比如often等,比较有可能是答案。

  相关推荐:
  2011年全国英语等级考试二级题型串讲:英语知识运用
  2011年全国英语等级考试二级考前题型串讲:听力
  2011年全国英语等级考试二级pets2大纲解读

  (4) 实例分析
  (2005年3月,文章D)
  …
  An example of infotainment is the show “America’s Most Wanted”. The producers of
  this program get stories from real cases that the police have dealt with. In
  most of these cases, the police never found the person who committed the crime
  (犯罪). Sometimes they caught the criminal, but he or she ran away again. The
  people who make “America’s Most Wanted” film it in the city where the crime
  happened. They use actors to play the parts of all the people in the case. At
  the end of the story, however, they always show “mug shots”, or police
  photographs, of the real criminals.
  71. We can infer from the text that the producers of “America’s Most Wanted”
  [A] also work as police officers
  [B] hope to get money from the police
  [C] hope the program will help the police catch the criminals
  [D] often find it difficult to persuade people to act as criminals
  3. 语义题
  (1) 题型特点
  语义题主要考查考生根据文章内容和所学知识推测词义的能力,涉及的词汇可能是生词或词组,也可能是熟词新义,或者是一些词组的引申义。
  (2) 常见的提问方式
  The word “…” could best be replaced by .
  Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word “…”?
  The underlined word “…” is the closest in meaning to .
  In the … paragraph, the word “…” means/ refers to .
  What does the author mean by saying “…”?
  In paragraph… the author uses the word/ phrase “…” to imply/ indicate that
  The word “it/ they/ that/ this” refers to/ stands for .
  What does the word “he/ they” refers to?
  等等。
  (3) 解题指南
  针对这种题型,可以利用构词法或者上下文来猜测词义。一般根据上下文猜测词义的情况比较多。这时我们通常可以就近寻找相关信息,附近找不到就继续往上文或下文找,顺藤摸瓜,然后找到相关成分,检查判断是否合乎逻辑,是否合乎文意。
  (4) 实例分析
  (2007年3月,文章D)
  …
  Leslie Coman, member of city committee for the arts, said: “The Secombe has played an outstanding role in the cultural life of this town over many years. It is only right that the committee continues to look at how it can provide new buildings for artists’ workshops, and performances.”
  72. The underlined word “it” refers to .
  [A] the city government
  [B] the city committee for the arts
  [C] Sutton Theatre Company
  [D] Performing Arts Society
  4. 主旨题
  (1) 题型特点
  主旨题主要考查考生对整篇文章的中心思想和段落大意的理解程度,它是阅读理解中的基础题型,所占的比重最小,难度不大。
  (2) 常见的提问方式
  What is the main idea of this passage?
  What does the passage tell us?
  Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?
  In the first/ last paragraph, the author tells us that .
  The author’s purpose is .
  The best title for this passage would be .
  The subject/ topic of this passage is .
  等等。

  相关推荐:
  2011年全国英语等级考试二级题型串讲:英语知识运用
  2011年全国英语等级考试二级考前题型串讲:听力
  2011年全国英语等级考试二级pets2大纲解读

  (3) 解题指南
  这种题型,一般需要放到最后来做。也就是需要先做完这篇阅读理解的其它题,之后最后再来解答这种题目。那么正确解答这类题目的关键在于我们要正确把握问题所问的内容和文章的大意。这就需要平时多练习,培养自己的阅读理解能力。
  (4) 实例分析
  (2007年3月,文章D)
  Nearly 5,000 years ago, during the Late Stone Age, people began building Stonehenge. It became a long-term project. People added to the site for more than 1,500 years. Most likely Stonehenge was first built as a place to hold religious rituals (仪式) and bury the dead. But experts (专家) are not sure because there are no written records telling us what took place at Stonehenge.
  At first the site was just a circular ditch (沟渠). Within the circle were two burial hills, and a smaller circle of 56 holes. Scientists have found ashes in the holes. They believed these are from the burning of the dead bodies.
  But Stonehenge may have been more than a ritual site. Some experts suggest it was also used as a huge calendar (日历) for watching stars. Outside the entrance of the construction stands the Heel Stone. On the summer solstice, the longest day of the year, a person standing at the center of the circle can look out through the entrance and see the first rays of the rising sun hit the top of the Heel Stone. At the winter solstice, the year’s shortest day, a person standing at the entrance can look into the circle and see the setting sun between the stones of a trilithon, formed by two standing stone posts topped by a stone in flat position. In this way Stonehenge may have marked the passing seasons. The position of the stones and holes shows that Stonehenge may also have been used for watching the moon and stars. The construction may even have been a huge prehistoric “computer” used to study other natural objects in space. The Stone Age people in the area were farmers. Perhaps they used Stonehenge to figure out changes in the weather and to time the planting of their crops.
  69. The purpose of the text is .
  [A] to show research done by today’s scientists
  [B] to describe life of the Stone Age
  [C] to tell about the early farming
  [D] to introduce an ancient site
  四、常见体裁特点及应对技巧
  1. 说明文
  (1) 体裁特点
  说明文是对客观事物、事理进行介绍、解说的一种文体,目的在给人以知识。它涉及的范围较广,比如科普读物、知识小品等。说明文分为事理性的说明文和事物性的说明文。事理性的说明文常对概念、成因、规律、联系等方面进行说明。事物性的说明文常从事物的形状、性质、方位、构造、类别、功能等方面进行说明。在说明文中说明的顺序一般有三种,即:空间顺序、时间顺序和逻辑顺序。
  (2) 策略指南
  说明文的解题关键是要抓住文章中的中心句、关键句和说明顺序。弄清中心句、寻找关键句是我们迅速把握被说明事物特征的有效方法。作者为了要在文中准确地说明事物,就会将关键句放在显著的位置,比如文章开头、每段话开头或者结尾。而了解了文章的说明顺序,也有助于我们把握文章的主线,理清作者的写作思路。
  2. 记叙文
  (1) 体裁特点
  记叙文是以写人记事、写景状物为主要内容,结合议论和抒情,以记叙为主要表达方式的一种文体。
  (2) 策略指南
  记叙文的解题关键是要抓住文章的5个W,也就是记叙文五要素:时间when,地点where,人物who,事件what和原因why。另外要把握住记叙文的线索,比如人物、事件、地点和时间线索等。文章一般会按照某个线索展开叙述,有可能是顺序、倒叙或插叙,不管

  相关推荐:
  2011年全国英语等级考试二级题型串讲:英语知识运用
  2011年全国英语等级考试二级考前题型串讲:听力
  2011年全国英语等级考试二级pets2大纲解读

  3. 议论文
  (1) 体裁特点
  议论文是一种以议论位主要表达方式、以鲜明的态度表明观点、用充分的材料证明观点的文章体裁。
  (2) 策略指南
  阅读议论文时关键点有两个,一个是找到文章的中心论点,二是理清文章的结构。议论文的结构通常都是:文章一开头提出问题——文章中间分析问题(运用论据)——文章最后解决问题。那么它的中心论点通常在文章开头提出问题时就提出了,不过偶尔也可能在文章中间分析问题时提出,这时文章通常是先指出有某种现象,然后提出论点进行分析。另外,文章结尾处解决问题时一般会重申论点。
  4. 应用文
  (1) 体裁特点
  应用文是我们在日常生活中用来处理各种事务的一种文体,通常都有一定的格式,比如:公函、私函、通知、日记、便条等等。
  (2) 策略指南
  PETS二级阅读理解考试中的应用文主要都是广告类应用文,涉及的内容主要有:招生、招聘、旅游、电视节目、新书简介、电影介绍、车船飞机时刻表等等。另外,从命题角度看,这类阅读理解考的多数都是细节题,文章中往往有很多多余的信息,因此碰到这类体裁时,考生不要逐字逐句地阅读文章,而是要先看题目,然后回到文章中寻找相关的细节进行阅读。
  5. 真题讲解
  (2005年9月,文章B)
  In the United Sates, the biggest change in spending has been in the amount (数目) spent on food, which had decreased (减少) from 46% of the total family budget (预算) in 1901 to 19% of present day totals. This is due to the fact that people are now able to buy more and better foods at lower prices. As a result of the growth in fast-food restaurants (for example, McDonald’s or KFC), more people are also eating out. Thus about 30% of today’s food budget goes on meals eaten outside the home while a hundred years ago it was only 3%.
  At the beginning of the 20th century, few people owned their homes (only around 19% of working families) and cars (at $1,000 per car this was well above the average family income of $650 per year), as most people were unable to borrow money. But there was a rapid rise in both home and car ownership during the mid-1900s.
  Free time increased considerably following the shortening of the working week, i.e. from six days to five, and from ten hours to eight hours a day. In fact the working day couldn’t be too long, otherwise people wouldn’t have the time to spend their money. The amount of a family’s budget spent on outside entertainment, such as parties, films and concerts has increased from just under 6% in Ford’s day to about 9% today. On the other hand, we spend only a quarter of what ourt great-grandparents paid for reading materials. It is difficult to see how our spending patterns may change in the future. We already know that our population is aging and this will have an effect on the amount of money we spend on medical care.
  这是一篇典型的说明文:
  主题——美国人消费结构的变化;
  事实和例子——1901年、20世纪初、20世纪中期美国人在食品、房子、汽车和娱乐方面消费的变化;
  结论——美国人消费结构发生了变化,而且很难看出将来的消费结构会变成什么样子;
  说明顺序——时间顺序和逻辑顺序。
  6. 答题技巧
  第一,阅读理解题一般是顺序出题的,也就是说,通常第一题的答案往往在原文第一段,第二题的答案在第一题的后面出现,以此类推,最后一题的答案往往在最后一段。靠前面的题目,我们回到原文去靠前面的段落找答案,靠后面的题目,我们回到原文去靠后面的段落找答案。
  第二,在做细节题、推断题、语义题时,要尽量精读原文中的相关语句,把四个选项在原文中对应的语句找出来精读,仔细辨析正误。
  第三,有时候我们可以利用生活常识帮助答题。阅读理解题有时会出一些涉及生活常识的题,这个时候我们头脑要清楚,符合生活常识的选项不一定对,但是不符合生活常识的选项通常就一定不对。答题时可以借助生活常识来帮助我们排除错误选项,但是正确答案究竟是哪个,我们一定不可以仅凭生活常识贸然就做出选择,而是要通过理解文章、根据文章来慎重选择。
  第四,选项中如果有两个选项极为相似或者截然相反,答案往往就在这两个选项之中。
  第五,如果四个选项里有一个共同的单词或短语,那么这个单词或短语往往就是我们解题的线索,可以依据这个线索回到原文找答案。
  第六,过于绝对化的选项往往都不是正确选项。比如选项中含有all这个单词,所有的,这是一个比较绝对化的词,大家做题时要格外留意,如果你根据文章认为这个单词用在这个选项中有点绝对化,那么这个选项一般就是一个错误的干扰项。
  五、非知识性指导和建议
  1. 不要过分迷信考试技巧。
  2. 阅读的速度一定要把握好,不是读得越慢越仔细就越好。
  3. 平时要广泛阅读,注意积累背景知识。

  相关推荐:
  2011年全国英语等级考试二级题型串讲:英语知识运用
  2011年全国英语等级考试二级考前题型串讲:听力
  2011年全国英语等级考试二级pets2大纲解读





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